American pay enormous amounts of money for services intended to safeguard them from the effects of pollution and toxicity from all causes. However, the story of Ashtabula, Ohio and the larger pattern of failure is made more shocking by systemic failure on the part of the EPA to ensure the safety of Americans. These articles come from the EPA and speak to these failures.
Links below tell the story and provide documentation from the Environmental Protection Agency directly.
EPA - Manganese (IRIS) Integrated Risk Information System
Latest Update - 1988
Manganese (CASRN 7439-96-5)
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0373
Manganese; CASRN 7439-96-5
Human health assessment information on a chemical substance is included in the IRIS database only after a comprehensive review of toxicity data, as outlined in the IRIS assessment development process. Sections I (Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic Effects) and II (Carcinogenicity Assessment for Lifetime Exposure) present the conclusions that were reached during the assessment development process. Supporting information and explanations of the methods used to derive the values given in IRIS are provided in the guidance documents located on the IRIS website.
STATUS OF DATA FOR Manganese
File First On-Line 09/26/1988
Category (section)
|
Status
|
Last Revised
|
|---|---|---|
| Oral RfD Assessment (I.A.) | on-line | 05/01/1996 |
| Inhalation RfC Assessment (I.B.) | on-line | 12/01/1993 |
| Carcinogenicity Assessment (II.) | on-line | 12/01/1996 |
_I. Chronic Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic Effects
_I.A. Reference Dose for Chronic Oral Exposure (RfD)
Substance Name — ManganeseCASRN — 7439-96-5
Last Revised — 05/01/1996
The oral Reference Dose (RfD) is based on the assumption that thresholds exist for certain toxic effects such as cellular necrosis. It is expressed in units of mg/kg-day. In general, the RfD is an estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. Please refer to the Background Document for an elaboration of these concepts. RfDs can also be derived for the noncarcinogenic health effects of substances that are also carcinogens. Therefore, it is essential to refer to other sources of information concerning the carcinogenicity of this substance. If the U.S. EPA has evaluated this substance for potential human carcinogenicity, a summary of that evaluation will be contained in Section II of this file.
NOTE: This reference dose is for the total oral intake of manganese. As discussed in the Principal and Supporting Studies and Uncertainty and Modifying Factors Sections, it is recommended that a modifying factor of 3 be applied if this RfD is used for assessments involving nondietary exposures.
Parkinson's Manganese Comparisons
Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders, Volume From page 1 Page 157
Power Point Presentation on Ambient Air Sampling for Particulate Matter PDF
by Robert W. Vanderpool
Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC
Agricultural Air Quality Task Force Meeting
September 30, 2010
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